Almost half of all adults in the United States have at least one key risk factor for development of CVD (i.e., high blood pressure, high cholesterol, or smoking) ( 33). Cardiovascular DiseaseĬardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide ( 31, 32). Given the increasing interest in exercise-based therapies, we will discuss the benefits of exercise on cardiovascular health and the potential mechanisms through which they occur. Exercise improves myocardial perfusion and increases high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels, all of which reduce stress on the heart and improve cardiovascular function in healthy and diseased individuals ( 11, 15, 29, 30). Regular physical exercise decreases resting heart rate, blood pressure, and atherogenic markers, and increases physiological cardiac hypertrophy ( 13– 15, 28). Physical exercise can also improve cardiovascular function through adaptations to the heart and vascular system ( 17, 24– 27). This occurs primarily through adaptations to the skeletal muscle, liver, and adipose tissue ( 16, 22, 23). Exercise improves overall metabolic health and reduces the development of T2D ( 18) by improving glucose tolerance ( 19), insulin sensitivity ( 20), and decreasing circulating lipid concentrations ( 21). Several recent studies have shown that sustained physical activity is associated with decreased markers of inflammation, improved metabolic health, decreased risk of heart failure, and improved overall survival ( 15– 17). While decreasing body mass and adiposity are not the primary outcomes of exercise, exercise can mediate several diseases that accompany obesity including T2D and CVD ( 9– 14). Regular physical exercise has several beneficial effects on overall health. As obesity rates continue to rise, the prevalence of associated comorbidities including T2D and CVD increase concomitantly ( 7) overweight people are twice as likely, and severely obese people are ten times more likely to develop cardiovascular diseases than individuals of a healthy weight ( 8). Obesity is associated with many adverse health effects, including increased risks of cardiovascular disease (CVD), type 2 diabetes (T2D), certain cancers, and death ( 2– 6). Obesity and its associated co-morbidities are increasing at rapid rates across the United States and worldwide ( 1). In this review we will discuss the mechanisms through which exercise promotes cardiovascular health. Some benefits of exercise include enhanced mitochondrial function, restoration and improvement of vasculature, and the release of myokines from skeletal muscle that preserve or augment cardiovascular function. Exercise prevents both the onset and development of cardiovascular disease and is an important therapeutic tool to improve outcomes for patients with cardiovascular disease. Physical exercise results in numerous health benefits and is an important tool to combat obesity and its co-morbidities, including cardiovascular disease. Obesity is a complex disease that affects whole body metabolism and is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and Type 2 diabetes (T2D). Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Dorothy M.
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |